AP Biology Unit 2.5: Membrane Permeability

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Review Notes

Membrane Structure & Permeability

The cell membrane is selectively permeable due to its phospholipid bilayer structure and embedded proteins. Small nonpolar molecules (O₂, CO₂) can pass freely, while ions and large polar molecules require transport proteins.

Semi-permeable vs Selectively Permeable

Semi-permeable: Based on physical/chemical properties (like a coffee filter). Selectively permeable: Involves protein-mediated selection of molecules.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Describes the cell membrane as a dynamic structure with proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer. Selective permeability is a direct consequence of this model.

Factors Affecting Permeability

  • Phospholipid type: Unsaturated fatty acids increase fluidity and permeability
  • Temperature: Higher temperature increases permeability
  • Cholesterol: Reduces permeability at high temperatures

Cell Wall Structure & Function

Provides structural support and acts as a permeability barrier for some substances. Composed of complex carbohydrates: cellulose (plants), chitin (fungi/arthropods), peptidoglycan (bacteria).

Transport Mechanisms

Small nonpolar molecules diffuse freely. Hydrophilic substances move through channel/transport proteins. ATP synthase uses proton gradients to produce ATP.

Osmosis & Homeostasis

Cells need selectively permeable membranes to control water movement (osmosis) and maintain internal conditions (homeostasis). Some cells use contractile vacuoles to expel excess water.

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Multiple Choice Questions (20 questions)

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